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Tag: unique not unknown

Nathan

What It’s For

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The viva is a facilitated discussion to confirm that you did a good piece of work over a long period of time – and in doing so you became a good researcher.

The viva follows a long academic tradition in the UK and is seen as a good mechanism for assessing the progress that someone makes as they pursue their research goals. It’s a custom exam every time, following rules, traditions and experience, unique but not unknowable.

The viva is there to check you and your work out:

  • Is it enough?
  • Have you done enough?
  • Have you developed enough?

(and enough is enough: your examiners aren’t looking for perfection)

Your viva is for you: it’s your viva, your exam, your work, your journey.

That’s what your viva is for.

Nathan

Expectations Aren’t The Viva

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Viva expectations can give a sense of the flow, taking breaks and how people should behave.

Expectations can give real certainty for some aspects like the general process, what examiners do and securing reasonable adjustments.

And expectations can show a measure of uncertainty for things like the questions you’ll receive, what you’ll feel and how long your viva will be.

 

Expectations aren’t the viva: let’s say that together they create a valuable tension.

You can feel sure of some things, have a sense of others and give yourself an opportunity to get comfortable with what you won’t know until your viva is happening.

Nathan

Uncertainty & The Viva

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There’s a tension between the structure of regulations and expectations versus the unique circumstances of your thesis and situation.

Your viva will be unique but not a total unknown. You can have confidence that the process is set up well and also be aware of what you won’t know until the day.

Uncertainty is the tension you feel. Uncertainty is probably the discomfort you feel.

You can’t get rid of it completely but you can ask questions, check things out, ask for help and get yourself ready.

Don’t let uncertainty drive you to worry. Acknowledge the tension and do anything you can to get certainty for the things you can be certain about. Then prepare for the things that will remain uncertain until viva time.

 

PS: you, your research, your thesis and your viva are all unique. Your upcoming viva experience is a deeply personal thing in how you feel, how you approach getting ready and how you engage on the day. There’s a lot to think about and if you’re looking for some help then please take a look at the latest issue of my viva help zine, Viva Survivors Select 13, The Personal Issue. I hope it helps.

Nathan

The Same Viva

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If you ask a friend about their viva experience you know that yours won’t be the same.

Even if they had it in your department with the same examiners your viva will be different because you are different: a different person with different research, resulting in a different thesis at a different time.

If you ask your friend and listen to their experience though you can:

  • Get a sense of what a viva is like;
  • Understand what you could do to prepare;
  • Consider the differences;
  • Ask questions to find out more;
  • Remember that you are not alone.

The last point helps a lot.

Doing a PhD, even in the best and most supportive departments, can feel like a lonely thing. Your unique position can make you feel that no-one else could understand.

You’re one of a kind but you’re not the only one. You won’t have the same viva but there’s lots that could be similar.

 

PS: I’ll be sharing more viva help tomorrow morning, Saturday 4th July 2026, at my 7 Reasons You’ll Pass Your Viva webinar. This is my first-ever weekend webinar and I’m very excited! Registration includes a catch-up recording, follow-up email and my pdf guide 101 Steps To A Great Viva. There are full details for all of my July webinars here. Hope to see you at a session soon 🙂

Nathan

Broad & Narrow Questions

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You’ll find lots of broad questions about your research ahead of your viva. These are the lists of general questions that have been shared for years on websites and graduate school handouts. They’re the big questions and can be helpful in preparation and reflection as you get ready. For example:

  • Why did you explore this area?
  • How would you describe your approach?
  • What could you do differently?

These are good questions but they’re broad: they could be asked by almost anyone of almost any PhD candidate.

You’ll be asked lots of narrow questions at your viva. They relate to the topics – some of which you or your supervisor could maybe predict in advance – that your examiners could ask only of you, given your research, your experience and your thesis. For example:

  • Why did you follow the method you used in Chapter 3 over the alternate method you referenced on page 56?
  • How do you account for the gap in data that you mentioned in the second study?
  • What do you expect someone might do to develop your research further, assuming someone continued your line of study?

These kinds of questions are good but they’re narrow: they are particular only to you. They might be asked by people other than your examiners, assuming they had enough knowledge, but they could only be asked of you.

It’s likely you’ll get some broad questions at your viva. It’s certain you’ll be asked lots of narrow questions. You have to consider general broad questions in your prep to be ready for the specific narrow questions you’ll encounter in your viva.

Nathan

Why Expectations Matter

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Expectations give your viva a sense of shape.

Expectations help you understand the pattern even if you know your viva will be unique.

Regulations and stories help you understand the process (in some cases in a lot of detail).

Every viva will be one of a kind – but no upcoming viva needs to be a complete unknown to a candidate.

And with a sense of what to expect you can measure how ready you feel for your viva.

 

PS: I’ll be exploring viva expectations a lot at my Viva Survivor session four weeks from today! Check out my live 3-hour webinar on Wednesday 25th March 2026 for more details of what I’ll cover: viva prep, examiners and a lot more. Attendees get four-week access to a recording of the session and follow-up materials too. There’s more information at the link but please get in touch if you have any questions or want to know more. Thanks for reading!

Nathan

The Default

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Two examiners and a candidate in a fairly anonymous university room. A facilitated discussion that takes place over two or three hours with one or two breaks. It begins with a big opening question and concludes with a short intermission while examiners check they’ve covered everything.

The above is one way to describe the default viva experience and yet every week I’d bet there is a viva taking place somewhere in the UK where:

  • The candidate needs to have three examiners;
  • The viva is finished in an hour;
  • Examiners ask in advance for a presentation to kick things off;
  • The candidate needs to bring resources with them like a screen, a prototype or something to demonstrate;
  • The viva happens over Zoom.

Of course, video vivas are much more common now than six years ago, but they aren’t thought of as part of the default option.

The default might give a sense of what your viva will be like – or what vivas are supposed to be like – but your viva will be unique.

Your research is unique. Your thesis is unique. You and your circumstances are unique.

There are regulations and expectations and a sense of what your viva will be like. There’s an idea of a default viva, but the reality of your viva. Any differences you perceive or need for your viva do not make for a situation to automatically worry about.

Nathan

Similar, Not The Same

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If you hear five viva stories from different people you will spot common threads and notice differences.

If you hear five viva stories from people in your department you will notice examination practices and understand why they are different.

Every viva is different.

Every viva is influenced by regulations, expectations and departmental practices.

You viva will be similar to others, but can’t be the same.

Nathan

Unique?

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Every viva is unique – because every candidate, research project and thesis are unique.

Every viva follows expectations – because there are regulations, academic processes and culture that inform the behaviour, actions and responses of examiners and candidates.

It’s possible to hold on to both of these ideas and embrace the tension that exists between them both.

Your viva will be unique and you won’t know some of what will happen until it does AND your viva will follow the pattern of many others that have come before.

Nathan

Defining The Unknown Viva

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Every viva is an unknown until someone experiences it – but that doesn’t mean that the viva itself is completely unknowable.

  • Your university has regulations that govern how vivas proceed. This leaves a lot of blanks for individual vivas but lays out formally what’s expected of examiners, candidates and others involved.
  • Stories of vivas past create a body of general experiences that show patterns and trends of vivas. Viva lengths, key questions, structure, flow, tone and more – there are no guarantees but a definite sense of what’s appropriate.
  • The stories of PhD graduates from your department can help shape your expectations of the common practices for vivas in your discipline. For example, in my department it was very common for candidates to be asked to give presentations to start the viva.

Taken together these can all give you something to expect about your unknown viva: you can’t know for certain exactly what will happen, but given the possibilities you can know that you will be ready for it.

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